Лабильность психики что это: что это такое, виды, причины, симптомы и лечение

Лабильность что это такое (простыми словами) подвижная психика, что это?

Лабильность

Лаби́льность (от лат. labilis «скользящий, неустойчивый») в физиологии — функциональная подвижность, скорость протекания элементарных циклов возбуждения в нервной и мышечной тканях. Понятие «лабильность» введено русским физиологом Н. Е. Введенским (1886), который считал мерой лабильности наибольшую частоту раздражения ткани, воспроизводимую ею без преобразования ритма. Лабильность отражает время, в течение которого ткань восстанавливает работоспособность после очередного цикла возбуждения. Наибольшей лабильностью отличаются отростки нервных клеток — аксоны, способные воспроизводить до 500—1000 импульсов в 1 с; менее лабильны центральные и периферические места контакта — синапсы (например, двигательное нервное окончание может передать на скелетную мышцу не более 100—150 возбуждений в 1 с). Угнетение жизнедеятельности тканей и клеток (например, холодом, наркотиками) уменьшает лабильность, так как при этом замедляются процессы восстановления и удлиняется рефрактерный период. Лабильность — величина непостоянная. Так, в сердце под влиянием частых раздражений рефракторный период укорачивается, а следовательно, возрастает лабильность. Это явление лежит в основе т. н. усвоения ритма. Учение о лабильности важно для понимания механизмов нервной деятельности, работы нервных центров и анализаторов как в норме, так и при различных болезненных отклонениях.

В биологии и медицине термином «лабильность» обозначают подвижность, неустойчивость, изменчивость: например, психики, физиологического состояния, пульса, температуры тела и т. д.

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Подвижная психика.

Тихо шифером шурша, крыша едет не спеша.

В литературе встречается такой термин — «лабильная психика». Лабильный – неустойчивый.

Если принимать за основу, что своим психоэмоциональным состоянием человек управлять не может, то человек с лабильной психикой – полный псих.

Если вы уже убедились, что управление эмоциями возможно, то давайте рассмотрим преимущества применения этого навыка.

Полагаю, убеждать вас в пользе стабильно положительного эмоционального состояния не нужно. Положительные эмоции полезны для здоровья. Отрицательные – не очень. Если что – почитайте психосоматическую литературу по этому поводу.

Однако, стабильное однообразие нагоняет скуку. Ок, не всем. Но кому становится скучно, тем эмоциональное разнообразие периодически необходимо. Желательно в области положительных эмоций. Где-то между медитацией и экстазом. А как это мотивирует на достижения и подвиги! Именно эмоции и мотивируют на подвиги!

Ну, ок, иногда в гомеопатических дозах можно и отрицательно поэмоционировать. Увы, не всегда есть силы быть всё время на позитиве, а почувствовать ощущения хочется. Стоит чувствовать какой «эмоциональный груз» организм уже готов принимать на «позитивную грудь»: штангу в 100кг или гантельки по полкило. А ещё круче — осознать, что вес проблем – это выдумки.

Стабильность – это хорошо, когда она лежит там, где «хорошо». Если стабильность там, где «плохо», то двинуться в сторону «хорошо» ей тяжко. Она же СТАБИИИИЛЬНОСТЬ. Большая такая, тяжёлая. А знаете ли вы, что стабильность эмоционального состояния имеет свойство постоянно скатываться в сторону «плохо»? Почему? Например, потому, что вокруг много добрых жизнерадостных людей, готовых всегда улыбнуться и протянуть руку. Особенно утром в метро 🙂

Стабильность – это миф. Всё течёт и постоянно меняется. Поэтому, если вы действительно хотите управлять психикой, эмоциями, то стоит их тренировать, не просто быть стабильными, а двигаться, крутить педали. Желательно в положительную сторону.

Если вы живёте возле Индии на пустынном острове, где можно спать под открытым небом, и бананы сами падают вам в рот – можете забить на всякую психологию. Зачем она вам?

А если вы живёте в тесном социуме?

— Девушка, дайте мне успокоительное.
— Вам в таблетках или в каплях?
— Не нервируй меня, cука!

Люди управляются эмоциями. Да, это не всегда очевидно, но по итогу все хочу/нехочу — эмоциональное состояние.

Польза от трансляции положительного эмоционального состояния типа «солнышко» состоит в том, что оно согревает окружающих вас людей. Люди тянутся к вам… и готовы выполнять ваши просьбы.

Польза от трансляции отрицательного эмоционального состояния типа «мегера» в том, что человек пресмыкающийся оказывает вам разного рода услуги. Люди убегают от бича вашего… хм, и тоже готовы выполнять ваши просьбы.

Чтобы вам подчинялись (не только по просьбе) — необходимо строить из себя образ сильной социальной роли, транслирующей соответствующие управляющие эмоции. Морда кирпичом. Если роль упустили – требуются серьёзные меры по реанимации власти. Приятно, конечно, выбирать партнёров, перед которыми играть нечто сильное не надо. Но не всегда это возможно.

Возьмём для примера широко распространённую схему, когда более сильный давит на слабого (мышцами или их демонстрацией). Он знает, что страх не позволит слабому сопротивляться. Можно, конечно, жертве начать набирать силу, качать мышцы, изучать каратэ. Я бы даже сказал, нужно при любом раскладе – везде найдутся добрые лидеры, которые будут пользоваться своей силой и слабостью окружения. Однако, вряд ли это реально в короткие сроки, да и ситуации давления чаще всего складываются по заведомо неотвратимой схеме – вряд ли субтильная жена сможет угрожать здоровяку мужу своей силой. Прикольно, что жертва насилия частенько этого не осознаёт, пытается удержать в голове картинку сказки, где все в шоколаде, и оправдывает своего палача – ой, он дурашка не понимает, что он делает. А ему и не надо понимать — всё и так ему на руку.

Читал тут недавно педагогическую статейку о том, как надо справляться с травлей в классе. Все советы были направлены на спасение жертвы: внушайте одноклассникам как это плохо, внушайте родителям и учителям, что детей надо держать в узде. Я думаю, по итогу жертва меняет школу и всё повторяется. Или на работу приходит, а там гномить начинают. Или ещё где. Да, в любой очереди. За картошкой, деньгами или статусом.

Предлагаю интересный вариант, когда шаблон жертвы можно порвать, например, если прикинуться психом. Психов, людей с лабильной психикой (подвижной, но якобы неуправляемой), их образ и действие боятся все. Неизвестно, что они могут выкинуть в следующий момент. Псих непредсказуем и неуправляем страхом, он сам – страх, он – ужас, летящий на крыльях ночи, отморозок одним словом. Врезать портфелем по башке ближайшей шестёрке, поорать истошным голосом с вытаращенными глазами на мужлана, размахивая скалкой – стать признанным, заслуженным психом – это почётный статус человека, которого, вроде как, и бить неприлично, и наезжать на него опасно.

Если вы познали искусство управления эмоциями, то вам понятно театральное искусство. И наоборот. Необязательно переживать негатив внутри себя, его можно просто играть. Да, начинающим актёрам не верят. Практикуйте, набирайте опыт.

Как более мягкий вариант — постановочный скандал:

http://www.psihologion.ru/blog/view?article=Postanovochnyy-skandal-Kratkaya-instrukciya

Стоит, конечно, задуматься, надо ли вам жить в таких отношениях. Но иногда до принятия решения надо просто выживать. Впрочем, некоторым нравится. А иногда это и не отношения вовсе, как сказал Риддик в самой охраняемой тюрьме галактики: «Я здесь проездом.»

PS. Думал, может мне ролик от себя снять, чтобы показать, как можно резко переходить от спокойствия к возбуждению и обратно. Но решил, что не стоит травмировать вашу психику и мочить свою репутацию в столь широком кругу лиц 😉

Функциональная лабильность. Максимальный и оптимальный ритмы. Усвоение ритма

Н.Е. Введенский (1886) на нервно-мышечном препарате установил, нерв, мионевральные синапсы и мышца по-разному реагируют на сверхпороговые раздражения различной частоты. Так, оказалось, что нерв способен воспроизводить наиболее широкий диапазон частотных раздражений, средний воспроизводится мышцей и наименьший — синапсами. Отсюда был сделан вывод, что разные структуры имеют неодинаковую функциональную подвижность или лабильность (от лат.labilis- скользящий, неустойчивый).

Лабильность -это скорость протекания процессов возбуждения в возбудимых тканях. Н.Е Введенский считал мерой лабильности максимальную частоту циклов возбуждения, воспроизводимых в единицу времени (секунду). Таким образом, зная величину лабильности, можно определить полную длительность одного цикла возбуждения.

Лабильность находится в прямой зависимости от фазы абсолютной рефрактерности: чем она короче, тем больше лабильность и наоборот. Поэтому лабильность любой возбудимой ткани можно высчитать, зная величину абсолютной рефрактерности. Так, в нервах она длится 0,001 сек, а отсюда огромная лабильность нерва — 1000 имп/сек. В скелетных мышцах рефрактерная фаза составляет 0,004-0,005 сек, а лабильность — 250-300 имп/сек. Очень низка лабильность сердца, всего 3 имп/сек, так как здесь очень продолжительная рефрактерная фаза (0,3 сек). Следовательно, фаза абсолютной рефрактерности ограничивает лабильность ткани.

Однако, доказано, что при частоте раздражения с интервалом абсолютной рефрактерности возникает лишь 1 ПД, ткань реагирует лишь на первый стимул, а на последующие — не отвечает. Это связано с тем, что сверхчастые раздражители удлиняют рефрактерность в ткани и развивается катодическая депрессия (пессимум) и восстановление мембранного потенциала после первого ПД не происходит. Поэтому, для получения максимальной частоты ритмические раздражители можно наносить с интервалом, превышающим рефрактерную фазу приблизительно в 2 раза. Поэтому, максимальная частота возбуждений в нервах составляет не 1000, а 500 имп/сек; в мышцах 100-125 имп/сек. Отсюда ясно, что максимальная частота возбуждения представляет крайнюю форму активности и может воспроизводится лишь в особых условиях и весьма короткое время. Следовательно, максимальнымназывается ритм, который генерирует ткань в экстремальных условиях и короткое время. Даже возбуждение с частотой в 2 фазы абсолютной рефрактерности оказывается слабым, так как он формируется в фазу относительной рефрактерности, когда возбудимость полностью еще не восстановлена.

Л.В. латманизова, ученица Ухтомского, обнаружила, что в естественных условиях возбудимые системы функционируют с намного меньшей частотой, чем максимальная. Но эта частота воспроизводится длительно и стойко, без утомления. Тот ритм возбуждения, в котором ткань функционирует длительное время и без утомления, называетсяоптимальным ритмом.Возникновение оптимального ритма связано с тем, что последующий раздражитель попадает в фазу супернормальной возбудимости, экзальтации, что благоприятствует возникновению возбуждения, и при этом может возникать максимальное сокращение мышцы. Частота, которая вызывает максимальный сократительный эффект, была названа Введенскимоптимальным ритмомраздражения, а сокращение -оптимальным. Этот ритм обычно наблюдается и в естественных условиях, возникая в период повышенной возбудимости ткани.

Максимальный и оптимальный ритмы связаны между собой математической зависимостью. Оптимальный ритм приблизительно в 5-10 раз реже, чем максимальный. Так для нерва максимальная частота составляет 1000 имп/сек, а оптимальная — 50-100 имп/сек. Для скелетных мышц они соответственно равны 250 и 50 имп/сек.

Таким образом, различают две частотные характеристики тканей. Максимальный ритм является мерой лабильности и проявляется в экстренных условиях короткое время. Вторая частотная характеристика — оптимальный ритм используется тканями в естественных условиях. Максимальным ритмом пользуются для выяснения и сравнения лабильности, а оптимальным — для характеристики изменений в функции данной возбудимой системы.

В процессе филогенеза лабильность тканей увеличилась. Лабильность ЦНС позвоночных несравненно выше, чем у беспозвоночных. Наиболее она высока в нервах, обеспечивающих срочную связь в организме. В эволюции физиологии есть яркие примеры изменения лабильности определенных органов в зависимости от их роли в жизни животного. Так, у млекопитающих ресничная (цилиарная) мышца является гладкомышечной структурой, поэтому изменение формы хрусталика и аккомодация глаза осуществляется очень медленно. У хищных птиц эта мышца — поперечно-полосатая и с высокой быстротой меняет форму хрусталика, обеспечивая ясное видение при падении птиц на добычу.

Лабильность меняется в процессе онтогенеза: при рождении она мала, в 20-30 лет достигает максимума, а после 60 лет быстро снижается, что соответствующим образом меняет работоспособность.

Лабильность неодинакова не только у разных тканей, но и у разных структурных единиц одной и той же ткани. Более того, даже у клетки лабильность непостоянна и определяется ее функциональным состоянием. Она может изменяться в процессе длительного воздействия раздражителей. Это, в частности, подтверждается способностью ткани повышать свою функциональную подвижность в процессе жизнедеятельности. При этом у ткани возникают новые свойства, и она приобретает способность воспроизводить более высокий ритм раздражения. Это явление, наблюдаемое в тканях, исследовал ученик и последователь введенского, академик А.А.ухтомский, и назвалпроцессом усвоения ритма.Повышением лабильности объясняется втягивание в работу, усвоение все большего ритма, а в результате укорочения рефрактерной фазы она способна возрасти в 2 раза. Это связано с ускорением процессов выкачивания ионов натрия из цитоплазмы и более быстрым восстановлением мембранного потенциала.

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90000 meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary 90001 PSYCHE | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary 90002 Thesaurus: synonyms and related words .90000 A Step-by-Step Look at Jungian Psychology 90001 90002 90003 Overview 90004: This guide explores the individuation process as described by Carl Jung and Jungian psychology. 90005 90002 ______________ 90005 90002 Sigmund Freud was a pioneer in the field of psychology. He named his new field 90009 psycho 90010 analysis, as in the study of psychotic and mentally ill patients. 90005 90002 Early in Carl Jung’s career, Freud was like a father figure to him. Freud was grooming the younger Jung to be his successor.But the two men did not see eye to eye. 90005 90002 Jung suggested a different name for their emerging field: 90009 psyche 90010 analysis. He saw their role as an analysis of the human mind, soul, and spirit. 90005 90002 Jung saw a different picture of the human condition than Freud. Freud perceived his patients to be ill while he, as an analyst, was not. Jung related to his patients, realizing he was in a similar mental condition as his patients. 90005 90002 Jung saw we are all fragmented and divided, and knowingly or not, we’re all searching for our souls.90005 90022 90003 We Start Out Relatively Unconscious (Mostly Asleep) 90004 90025 90002 We all start out as part of a collective. As we grow, our family, friends, school, religion, and culture shape our personality. 90005 90002 The Taoists call this personality the 90009 acquired mind 90010 as we acquire it through our environment. 90005 90002 In the external world, this environment is 90009 conventional 90010 (as in conventional rules or conventional society). 90005 90002 The conventional code holds specific guidelines of what we should believe, what things mean, and how we should behave.90005 90002 This conventional, outer world has structure and order. 90005 90002 But within us is an entirely different world. And this inner world, for most of us, is as chaotic as ocean waves during a storm. 90005 90002 Both Freud and Jung called this undifferentiated chaos the 90009 unconscious 90010. 90005 90002 The unconscious, we could say, is everything within us that falls outside of our conscious awareness-everything we do not know or can not observe within ourselves. 90005 90002 While we want to believe we’re conscious of most of our thoughts, feelings, actions, and behavior, all evidence suggests otherwise.We are, in truth, mostly unconscious beings. 90005 90002 In the beginning, we are mostly asleep. Society conditions our consciousness. And so we remain unconscious to our true self for at least the first half of life. 90005 90022 90003 Jungian Psychology’s Individuation Process 90004 90025 90002 Jung believed each person is unique and has a distinct destiny. 90005 90002 Most of Jungian psychology-also called analytical psychology or depth psychology-centers on what Jung later called the 90009 individuation process 90010.90005 90002 The individuation process was Jung’s way of explaining the path to optimal personal development for an individual. 90005 90002 Jungian analyst Anthony Stevens writes in Private Myths: 90005 90066 90002 Individuation is the process, simple or complex as the case may be, by which every living organism becomes what it was destined to become from the beginning. 90005 90069 90002 The purpose of this individuation process is to increase the individual’s consciousness. 90005 90002 With greater consciousness, individuals can heal the splits in their mind between what’s conscious and unconscious, bringing them to 90009 wholeness 90010 in their psyche.90005 90002 In the first half of life, we make our way through the world, doing our best to develop healthy egos. 90005 90002 The first portion of life is mainly external as we seek to meet our basic needs. 90005 90002 From Jung’s outlook, the second part of life can represent a turning inward toward a deeper part of ourselves. 90005 90002 This inward turn starts the individuation process. 90005 90002 90085 90086 90005 90022 90003 The Tension of Opposites 90004 90025 90002 Prior to beginning the individuation process, we have certainty.Through the course of our development, we form a solid self-identity. We think we know who we are. 90005 90002 But this self-identity is always one-sided. It’s an illusion, or 90009 maya 90010, as the Buddhists call it. 90005 90002 Because we are unconscious, we do not feel the inherent tensions and oppositions between the conscious self we know and the unconscious parts of ourselves. 90005 90002 You’re probably familiar with the Taoist symbol of yin and yang. This ancient symbol represents the balance or harmony of opposites.90005 90002 Yang is the sunny light side while yin represents the shadowy side. 90005 90002 90105 90005 90002 Instead of seeing yin and yang as opposing forces, the Chinese view them as 90108 complementary forces that interact within a greater whole 90109 (represented by the circle encompassing them). 90005 90002 Consider how the values ​​and worldviews of masculine and feminine principles can vary. 90005 90002 The masculine seeks autonomy. The feminine seeks communion or relationship.90005 90002 Can you imagine what it would be like to integrate both masculine and feminine principles within your mind, not favoring either perspective over the other? 90005 90002 It’s not easy, but this is part of the goal of the individuation process. 90005 90002 Jung found that opposites create tension in the psyche. If we do not learn to address these tensions, denying the opposites instead, we repress or push the pressure out of our consciousness. 90005 90002 But repressing does not eliminate the opposites or the tension itself.It only makes them more destructive in our psyche by strengthening our shadows. 90005 90002 Repressing tension makes us one-sided, and it leads us to project our unconscious fantasies on to reality. 90005 90002 When we deny these internal tensions, we enforce our delusions and self-deception. 90005 90002 Besides the tension between masculine and feminine principles, here are two other common internal tensions: 90005 90129 90003 Instincts and Psyche 90004 90132 90002 A key pair of opposites in Jung’s work are instincts and psyche.90005 90002 The instincts are our biological roots, our body. The psyche, in Jung’s conception, is the totality of mental processes that include both conscious and unconscious forces. 90005 90002 Any time we try to favor psyche over instincts-mind over body, spirit over nature-or vice versa, we cut ourselves off (dissociate) from a part of what we are. 90005 90129 90003 Good and Evil 90004 90132 90002 Most of us prefer pursuing «good» while avoiding «evil.» We want to realize God and cast out the Devil.We want angels, not demons. 90005 90002 Jung points out in Aion that evil had a different meaning before Christianity. 90005 90066 90002 The rise of Christianity added a kind of spirit of evil to the principle of evil which it did not have before. The sharpening of differentiation of ethical reactions into too clear-cut black-and-white lines is not favorable to life. 90005 90069 90002 As the Greek philosopher Heraclitus said, «Good and evil are one.» 90005 90022 90003 The Path of Individuation 90004 90025 90002 Individuation is Jung’s solution to our tendency toward one-sidedness.90005 90002 In this process of becoming a complete human being, we integrate all the parts of our personality of which we are not presently conscious. 90005 90002 Why did Jung call the process «individuation»? 90005 90002 Jungian psychologist Robert Johnson explains in Inner Work: 90005 90066 90002 Because this process of actualizing oneself and becoming more complete also reveals one’s special, individual structure. It shows how the universal human traits and possibilities are combined in each individual in a way that is unlike anyone else.90005 90069 90002 Jung writes in Two Essays on Analytical Psychology: 90005 90066 90002 Individuation means becoming an «in-dividual,» and, in so far as «individuality» embraces our innermost, last, and incomparable uniqueness, it also implies becoming one’s own self. We could therefore translate individuation as «coming to selfhood» or «self-realization.» 90005 90069 90002 Johnson points out that individuation does not mean we become isolated from the human race. He writes, 90005 90066 90002 Once we feel more secure as individuals, more complete within ourselves, it is natural also to seek the myriad ways in which we resemble our fellow human beings … the essential human qualities that bind us together in the human tribe.90005 90069 90002 As we individuate, we connect and identify with the 90009 entire human family 90010. 90005 90022 90003 Three Stages of the Individuation Process 90004 90025 90002 While the individuation process is different for each person, Jung highlights three archetypes that coincide with three stages of psychological development. 90005 90129 90003 Stage 1: The Shadow 90004 90132 90002 The shadow archetype represents all the personal traits we have ignored, denied, or cut off from ourselves.90005 90002 Individuals first get to know and integrate their shadow-all the disown parts of themselves they alienated to create their personality. 90005 90002 In The Portable Jung, Joseph Campbell explains: 90005 90066 90002 Jung’s concept is that the aim of one’s life, psychologically speaking, should be not to suppress or repress, but to come to know one’s other side, and so both to enjoy and to control the whole range of one’s capacities; i.e., in the full sense, to «know oneself.» 90005 90069 90002 90003 See 90004: A Complete Guide to Shadow Work 90005 90129 90003 Stage 2: The Anima / Animus 90004 90132 90002 The anima is the feminine component of a man’s personality.The animus is the masculine counterpart in a woman. 90005 90002 Jung saw the anima / animus as enlivening souls or spirits within men and women. 90005 90002 They are, as Robert Johnson says, «the interior companion or inspirer of life.» 90005 90002 This archetype connects us to the impersonal collective unconscious. To Jung, they are essential building blocks in the psychic structure of every man and woman. 90005 90002 In The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Jung termed integrating shadow as the «apprentice-piece» of becoming whole while the integration of the anima or animus is the «master-piece.»90005 90129 90003 Stage 3: The Self 90004 90132 90002 The Self is the archetype of wholeness and self-transcendence. A Wise Old Man or Woman often represents this universal image. 90005 90002 90230 90005 90002 Gandalf, the Wise Old Man, from J.R.R. Tolkien’s 90108 The Lord of the Rings 90109 90005 90002 Jung borrowed the concept of the Self from Hindu philosophy. He described the Self as the «totality of the whole psyche,» distinguishing it from the ego. 90005 90002 The ego represents a small part of this whole psyche.90005 90002 Think of the Self as an unknown, inner Divine center we explore throughout our lives. 90005 90002 90243 See 90244: The Ultimate List of Archetypes 90005 90022 90003 Psychological Types 90004 90025 90002 Whereas most of the self-improvement industry offers «one-size-fits-all» solutions, Jung understood the complexities of the human psyche. 90005 90002 Jung differentiated various orientations-ways in which an individual can process information, make decisions, and interpret the world.90005 90002 An individual’s combination of these orientations highlighted their path to individuation. 90005 90256 90002 The majority of people put an emphasis on the outer world, on the pleasures and restrictions «out there.» 90005 90002 Jung labeled this group 90108 extroverts 90109 as they draw energy from others in their environment. 90005 90002 But a smaller percentage of individuals emphasize the inner world, on their subjective responses to outside events. 90005 90002 Jung called these individuals 90108 introverts 90109 as they draw energy from within themselves.90005 90002 Extroverts move out toward the world while introverts instinctively pull back into themselves. 90005 90002 Jung realized that each person has a predisposition to one of these two approaches to life. 90005 90129 90003 The Four Functions 90004 90132 90002 Jung observed that some people favor 90009 thoughts 90010 to pass judgment while others follow their 90009 feelings 90010. 90005 90002 Some individuals experience the world through their 90009 senses 90010 while others 90009 intuit 90010 intentions, potentials, and hidden relationships.90005 90002 90009 Thinking types 90010 approach life with little regard for their emotions. They arrange things with logic and order. They have firm codes of what’s right and wrong. 90005 90002 90009 Feeling types 90010 understand what something is worth. Compared to thinker’s clear categories of thought, feelers embrace disorder. They appreciate the infinite gradations of value and meaning. 90005 90002 90009 Sensing types 90010 most accurately interpret information through their five senses.They are the ultimate realists, accepting the world as it is. 90005 90002 90009 Intuiting types 90010 are more interested in future possibilities than in things as they are. Intuitives see similarities where most people see differences. 90005 90002 Note: For more information, see Jung’s Psychological Types. Myers and Briggs used these psychological types by to create their typing assessment. 90005 90002 Jung, however, did not agree with Myers and Briggs ‘application of his psychological types.90005 90129 90003 Superior Function versus Inferior Function 90004 90132 90002 We like to do things we’re good at and avoid doing things in which we feel inadequate. And so we develop specific skills while undeveloped talents remain in the unconscious. 90005 90002 Jung grouped these four functions into pairs: thinking and feeling, sensing and intuiting. 90005 90002 90318 90005 90002 Of the four functions, Jung found that each person has one dominant or 90009 superior function 90010.90005 90002 The opposite function is the person’s 90009 inferior function 90010. This inferior function remains mostly unconscious to the individual. 90005 90002 For example, for people who rely on thinking to interpret information, feelings represent their inferior function. 90005 90002 For people who trust their senses, intuition is their inferior function. 90005 90002 Remember the goal of the individuation process is to integrate the conscious with the unconscious. 90005 90002 Our superior function is conscious-we know our strengths.Our inferior function is unconscious because, in the course of our development, we’ve avoided it. 90005 90002 And so the key to individuation, according to Jung, lies in developing our inferior function. 90005 90002 As Campbell writes in The Portable Jung: 90005 90066 90002 ‘Individuation’ is Jung’s term for the process of achieving such command of all four functions that, even while bound to the cross of this limiting earth, one might open one’s eyes at the center, to see, think, feel and intuit transcendence , and to act out of such knowledge.90005 90069 90022 90003 Tools for the Individuation Process 90004 90025 90002 How do we proceed with our psychological development toward individuation? 90005 90002 Jungian psychology offers two related methods: dream work and active imagination. 90005 90129 90003 Dream Work 90004 90132 90002 Dreams, Jung found, are the gateway through which the unconscious communicates with our conscious mind. 90005 90002 Our inner Wise Old Man or Woman (the Self) knows what’s best for us. 90005 90002 The Self, however, can not communicate in language.Instead, it uses symbols and images. 90005 90002 The Self can not communicate directly with our conscious mind. Instead, according to Jungian psychology, it sends us messages through our dreams. 90005 90002 As Jungian analyst Marie-Louise von Franz says in The Way of the Dream, «Dreams are the letters of the Self that the Self writes us every night.» 90005 90002 Stevens confirms in Private Myths: 90005 90066 90002 Jung maintained that a crucial factor determining 90009 how 90010 conscious we are is whether we attend to our dreams and the degree to which this enables us to make what is unconscious conscious.By working with dreams we ‘create soul’, we ‘wake up’ to our total situation, ‘become conscious’, achieve ‘wholeness’. 90005 90069 90129 90003 Active Imagination 90004 90132 90002 While in dreams, our dream ego interacts with the unconscious parts of our psyche, in active imagination this interaction takes place while we’re awake. 90005 90002 Instead of going into a dream, we go into our imagination, allowing the images to arise from the unconscious and communicate with us. 90005 90002 90108 Note 90109: If you’re interested in pursuing the individuation process, I recommend Robert Johnson’s Inner Work for practical instruction on dreamwork and active imagination.90005 90002 See also my guide: How to Use Archetypes and Active Imagination to Increase Consciousness 90005 90022 90003 Refusing the Call to Individuate 90004 90025 90002 Although Jungian psychology and the individuation process can liberate us, it’s not a «safe path.» There’s no safety once we leave the everyday world. 90005 90002 Plus, to achieve success, we must strip away all of our false identities our egos have invested in creating. Doing so triggers fear from our ego. 90005 90002 That’s why most people resist their call to adventure and why, according to Jung, so few people individuate (achieve psychic wholeness).90005 90002 Jung writes in The Secret to the Golden Flower: 90005 90066 90002 The way is not without danger. Everything good is costly, and the development of the personality is one of the most costly of all things. 90005 90069 90002 But, Jung believed, it can lead us out of the hall of mirrors and return us to our Self. 90005 90022 90003 Individuation: The Pathway to Wholeness 90004 90025 90002 To Jung and Maslow, the purpose of life was to realize one’s potential and to become a whole person in one’s own right.90005 90002 To realize this purpose, we must reconnect with the divine Self within us. 90005 90002 As Jungian psychologist Edward Edinger writes in Ego and Archetype: 90005 90066 90002 Psychological development in all its phases is a redemptive process. The goal is to redeem by conscious realization, the hidden Self, hidden in unconscious identification with the ego. 90005 90069 90002 Through this individuation process, we not only achieve positive mental health, but we also become harmonious, mature, responsible adults.90005 90002 To assist in this process, get rooted in your Center and enter a state of mastery as often as possible. See The Mastery Method. 90005 90022 90003 Additional Reading 90004 90025 90002 90429 Inner Work by Robert Johnson 90005 90002 90429 Ego and Archetype by Edward Edinger 90005 90002 90429 The Portable Jung edited by Joseph Campbell 90005 90002 See also: 90243 10 Best Books in Psychology to Learn the Forces That Drive You 90244 90005 90022 90003 Read Next 90004 90025 90002 How to Use Spiral Dynamics for Psychological Development 90429 Psychological Projection: Reclaiming the Best Parts of Yourself 90429 How to Cultivate Self Leadership by Developing Your Emotional Intelligence 90429 How to Use the Psychology of Archetypes Psychology to Increase Consciousness 90005 .90000 Types of Liability Accounts | List of Examples | Explanations 90001 90002 What is a Liability Account? — Definition 90003 90004 Liabilities are defined as debts owed to other companies. In a sense, a liability is a creditor’s claim on a company ‘assets. In other words, the creditor has the right to confiscate assets from a company if the company does not pay it debts. Most state laws also allow creditors the ability to force debtors to sell assets in order to raise enough cash to pay off their debts.90005 90004 Debt financing is often used to fund operations or expansions. These debts usually arise from business transactions like purchases of goods and services. For example, a business looking to purchase a building will usually take out a mortgage from a bank in order to afford the purchase. The business then owes the bank for the mortgage and contracted interest. 90005 90004 Liability accounts have a credit balance. This means that entries created on the left side (debit entries) of a liability T-account decrease the liability account balance while journal entries created on the right side (credit entries) increase the account balance.90005 90010 90002 Types of Liability Accounts — Examples 90003 90004 There are many different kinds of liability accounts, although most accounting systems groups these accounts into two main categories: current and non-current. Current liabilities are debts that become due within the year, while non-current liabilities are debts that become due greater than one year in the future. Here are some examples of both current and non-current liabilities: 90005 90010 90016 Current Liabilities 90017 90004 90019 Accounts Payable 90020 — Many companies purchase inventory on credit from vendors or supplies.When the supplier delivers the inventory, the company usually has 30 days to pay for it. This obligation to pay is referred to as payments on account or accounts payable. No written contract needs to be in place. The promise to pay can either be oral or even implied. 90005 90004 90019 Accrued Expenses 90020 — Since accounting periods rarely fall directly after an expense period, companies often incur expenses but do not pay them until the next period. These expenses are called accrued liabilities.Take utilities for example. The current month’s utility bill is usually due the following month. Once the utilities are used, the company owes the utility company. These utility expenses are accrued and paid in the next period. 90005 90010 90016 Non-current Liabilities 90017 90004 90019 Bonds Payable 90020 — Many companies choose to issue bonds to the public in order to finance future growth. Bonds are essentially contracts to pay the bondholders the face amount plus interest on the maturity date.Bonds are almost always long-term liabilities. 90005 90004 90019 Notes Payable 90020 — A note payable is a long-term contract to borrow money from a creditor. The most common notes payable are mortgages and personal notes. 90005 90004 90019 Unearned Revenue 90020 — Unearned revenue is slightly different from other liabilities because it does not involve direct borrowing. Unearned revenue arises when a company sells goods or services to a customer who pays the company but does not receive the goods or services.In effect, this customer paid in advance for is purchase. The company must recognize a liability because it owes the customer for the goods or services the customer paid for. 90005 90004 That was a brief list of liability accounts. We will discuss more liabilities in depth later in the accounting course. Right now it’s important just to know the basic concepts. 90005 90004 90005 .90000 Psychiatry attracts those intrigued by the human psyche 90001 90002 While valued in all medical specialties, strong interpersonal and communication skills are especially crucial for psychiatrists, who interact with the most emotionally vulnerable of patients. Fervor for caring for the troubled often trumps board scores and class rankings when psychiatry residency directors select their best candidates. 90003 90002 «Certainly, if a med student does well on the boards and gets good grades, that’s desirable.But psychiatry as a field tends to put less emphasis on the numbers than do the highly competitive surgical specialties, «says David A. Baron, DO, a psychiatry professor at the University of Southern California’s medical school in Los Angeles and psychiatrist-in-chief at the university’s hospital. 90003 90002 Psychiatrists need to be great listeners and have tremendous curiosity about patients ‘lives, says Robert G.G. Piccinini, DO, the president-elect of the American College of Osteopathic Neurologists and Psychiatrists (ACONP).He discovered his flair for the field as a third-year medical student on a medicine rotation. One evening, while completing normally quick transition-and-handoff patient visits at the end of a long shift, he came upon a middle-aged man seated at the edge of his bed, eyes fixed on the floor. 90003 90002 «Obviously, something was wrong,» Dr. Piccinini remembers. «I ended up spending three hours with the patient just talking with him. I had a knack for drawing him out. » 90003 90002 Although Dr.Piccinini had previously been leaning toward a career in geriatric internal medicine, he soon realized that psychiatry was his calling. 90003 90002 «People began to notice that I was able to get stories from patients that nobody else could,» Dr. Piccinini says. 90003 90002 As a med student, William J. Resch, DO, also flirted with other specialties before falling for psychiatry. «I came to realize that psychiatry fit my personality better than any other field,» he says. «In many other medical specialties, you treat patients algorithmically.With psychiatry, you can not do that. There is no one-size-fits-all treatment. 90003 90002 «Psychiatry is tremendously intellectually stimulating, as well as challenging. I knew I would never get bored with the field. » 90003 90002 Child and adolescent psychiatrist Alyse F. Ley, DO, gravitated toward her subspecialty because she likes working with teams of professionals to help pediatric patients thrive at home and at school. 90003 90002 «You can work with teachers, counselors and other physicians and really improve a child’s life,» Dr.Ley says. «It’s so rewarding. Most of the kids do very well. » 90003 90002 Psychiatrists require exceptional empathy and emotional resilience. They have to understand what patients are feeling and respond appropriately, Dr. Piccinini says. Unstable or frustrated patients may insult and swear at their psychiatrists. Many adult patients are noncompliant, and some try to manipulate their psychiatrists with calculated lies. 90003 90002 To be a good psychiatrist, you need to understand disease and illnesses in a broader context.90003 90002 «A patient recently called me during the weekend to say he was having a hard time. ‘What has changed?’ I asked. ‘I went off my meds a month and a half ago,’ he replied. When I have such conversations with patients, I have to be forgiving and measured in my response, «says Dr. Piccinini, who practices in Sterling Heights, Mich. «I can not get upset. I have to choose my words carefully. » 90003 90002 More difficult to deal with are patients who are deliberately deceitful because they are abusing their medications.»I’ve had patients who call and say, I’ve lost my Xanax. Can you write me a new prescription? ‘ «Dr. Piccinini says. «I’ll say, ‘It’s tough to be you.’ I’m not going to reward their obviously bad behavior.» 90003 90002 Psychiatric patients can be physically aggressive as well. «We had one patient who went into a psychotic state and ended up pushing my partner’s head into the wall, breaking the plaster,» Dr. Piccinini recalls. «I had to tackle the person to the ground. Violence is a risk that we deal with.»90003 90002 The most difficult aspect of psychiatry, however, is patient suicide. «Every time, it hurts,» says Dr. Piccinini. «I examine everything I did with that person to see if I could have done anything else.» 90003 90002 Caring for people with mental disorders demands a «marathon commitment» to patients, as Dr. Piccinini puts it. The field is not for those who relish quick fixes and immediate results. 90003 90036 Body, mind and spirit 90037 90002 Educated in the whole-patient approach to care, graduates of osteopathic medical schools tend to be well-prepared to train in the specialty of psychiatry.90003 90002 «To be a good psychiatrist, you need to understand disease and illnesses in a broader context, which is very much like osteopathic philosophy,» Dr. Baron says. 90003 90002 «The biopsychosocial model of osteopathic medicine resembles that of psychiatry,» agrees Dr. Resch, the program director of the AOA-approved psychiatry residency associated with the Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine in Athens. «In psychiatry, you look at the whole body, the outside influences on the patient, and the stressors that factor into mental illness, such as poverty, joblessness, relationships, traumas and homelessness.»90003 90002 Some DO psychiatrists perform osteopathic manipulative treatment on patients, but touch is controversial in psychiatry. For the most part, patients who have been physically or sexually abused should not be treated with OMT, osteopathic psychiatrists say. 90003 90002 Jimmie P. Leleszi, DO, a child and adolescent psychiatrist who is board certified in hospice and palliative medicine, uses osteopathic manipulation in combination with medications to alleviate the suffering of dying children.90003 90002 OMT is also sometimes used as an adjuvant therapy for pediatric patients with anxiety, attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder, autism and many other conditions. 90003 90002 Well-regarded in the broader psychiatric community, osteopathic medical graduates are welcome in many of the 215 psychiatry residencies accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), as well the 18 AOA-approved psychiatry residencies. 90003 90002 Because the osteopathic medical profession historically has had fewer than a handful of psychiatry residencies, numerous ACONP leaders, such as Dr.Piccinini, trained in ACGME programs and later obtained AOA recognition of their training and AOA board certification. Some ACGME-trained DOs pursue dual certification to enhance their career opportunities. 90003 90002 «Since osteopathic medical students can get into many of the top ACGME psychiatry programs, some of the osteopathic programs are not filling,» Dr. Baron says. «Many osteopathic students feel they may have more career options if they go to an MD program, but that’s not necessarily the case.It depends on what you want to do with your career. » 90003 90002 Students generally match into psychiatry residencies, which are four-year programs, from their fourth year of medical school. Because not all of the AOA-approved psychiatry residencies fill, it is sometimes possible to match into osteopathic programs from traditional rotating internships or transfer into psychiatry after a year in a primary care residency program. 90003 90002 Beyond residency, psychiatrists may pursue fellowships in such subspecialties as child and adolescent psychiatry, addiction medicine, forensic psychiatry, geriatric psychiatry, and hospice and palliative medicine.Although most psychiatric fellowships are ACGME-accredited, there are four AOA-approved programs in child and adolescent psychiatry, one in forensic psychiatry, two in geriatric psychiatry, one in addiction medicine and seven in hospice and palliative care. 90003 90036 Getting noticed 90037 90002 Aspiring osteopathic psychiatrists do not need top scores on the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination of the United States (COMLEX-USA). 90003 90002 According to a report on the 2011 AOA Match by the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, those matching into psychiatry as their first-choice specialty had average scores of 438 on Level 1 and 413 on Level 2.90003 90002 «I value life experiences and volunteer experiences above board scores,» says Dr. Resch, whose psychiatry residency is based at the Chillicothe (Ohio) Veterans Administration Medical Center. «If you have a good strong story or personal statement or a background in some type of socially minded activity, that will impress me more than high COMLEX scores.» 90003 90002 Dr. Resch looks favorably on applicants who have volunteered with the National Alliance on Mental Illness, hospice organizations, Big Brothers Big Sisters and any other nonprofit that would indicate someone’s «extraordinary psychosocial skills,» he says.90003 90002 «We consider the whole application,» says Dr. Ley, the director of the dually accredited psychiatry residency at Michigan State University in East Lansing. «We want to see a personal statement that is meaningful. We want to see someone who has a passion for psychiatry. » 90003 90002 The MSU residency receives approximately 60 applications from DO students and more than 300 from MD students for five openings a year. «Some years we’ll have more osteopathic candidates who are excellent, so we’ll have three DOs and two MDs,» Dr.Ley says. «Other years, the program may have three MDs and two DOs.» 90003 90002 Dr. Baron advises students to serve elective rotations in the psychiatric programs that interest them, especially if attracted to a competitive residency such as USC’s, which receives 500 or so applications a year for a dozen openings. For those looking toward academic careers in psychiatry, he recommends taking part in one of the summer programs for medical students at the National Institute of Mental Health. The institute also has programs for premeds.90003 90002 Osteopathic medical schools vary widely in the caliber of their psychiatry instruction and rotations, Dr. Baron says. He suggests that DO students seek out psychiatrist mentors and shadowing opportunities in the early years of med school. Premeds who think they may be interested in psychiatry should apply to medical schools with affiliated psychiatry residencies. 90003 90002 Beyond dazzling rotations and personal statements, residency candidates need to stand out during their interviews.Dr. Resch uses performance-based interviewing techniques, in which candidates respond to scenarios. He also closely observes interviewees when he takes them on hospital tours. 90003 90002 «Throughout the tour, we encounter patients, staff and physicians. I pay attention to the fluidity of candidates ‘interactions with other people, «Dr. Resch says. «I assess their social awareness and adeptness.» 90003 90002 In the hospital’s psychiatric wings, he gauges the comfort level of interviewees. «We like to see calm, relaxed individuals rather than people who are tense,» he says.90003 90036 Strong demand 90037 90002 With the demand for mental health services greatly exceeding supply, the career prospects are sunny for psychiatrists, who are needed in all parts of the country, in both urban and rural communities. 90003 90002 «There is such a need for psychiatrists, you can go anywhere and have a job,» Dr. Resch says. 90003 90002 Across the U.S., only 4% of medical students go into psychiatry, according to Dr. Ley. 90003 90002 «Psychiatry is a less popular field than it should be.In my opinion, it has to do with stigma, «she says. «People sometimes have a misunderstanding of what psychiatrists do. Some think that all we do is prescribe medications all day long. In fact, more than 80% of psychiatric drugs are prescribed by primary care physicians. » 90003 90002 In addition, because they do not do procedures for the most part, psychiatrists are not paid as well as most other medical specialists. According to a 2012 Medscape survey, psychiatrists make $ 170,000 a year on average, just $ 5,000 a year more than general internists and $ 12,000 more than family physicians.90003 90002 «Psychiatrists are paid a little bit more than primary care physicians, but our residencies are longer,» Dr. Ley notes. 90003 90002 But enterprising psychiatrists can do well financially, Dr. Piccinini maintains. In addition to having a solo or group practice, they can be employed part time or full time in academia, do diverse consulting work, and manage patients in a variety of care settings. 90003 90002 A subspecialist in both forensic and geriatric psychiatry, Dr. Piccinini has done outside work for many clients besides seeing patients in his private practice.»In addition to working for courts, prosecutors and defense attorneys, I’ve had corporations hire me to profile death threats to their executives,» he says. «And I’ve done violence risk assessments for universities that are concerned about particular students.» 90003 90002 Dr. Baron is a consultation liaison psychiatrist, who works with hospitalized patients at the request of medical and surgical teams. «This is an excellent area for osteopathic physicians to get into because DOs are trained to be well-rounded doctors,» he says.90003 90002 Also a sports psychiatrist, Dr. Baron consults with the U.S. Olympic team and chairs the World Psychiatric Association’s section on exercise, psychiatry and sports. 90003 90002 While psychiatrists can have complex, richly rewarding careers, they also are able to maintain work-life balance, Dr. Resch points out. «As much as I love psychiatry, I also love other parts of my life,» he says. 90003 90002 Dr. Resch strongly encourages osteopathic medical students to consider specializing in psychiatry.»The future of psychiatry is bright, with new treatment modalities coming out all the time, beyond medication,» he says. Moreover, the White House’s BRAIN (brain research through advancing innovative neurotechnologies) initiative suggests that mental health research and treatment is a growing priority for the federal government. 90003 90002 «Psychiatry is an amazing, wide-open field,» Dr. Resch insists. «I’ve thoroughly enjoyed it.» 90003 .